When you type a URL or your frontend calls fetch(), the browser runs the same end-to-end pipeline: resolve DNS, establish a transport connection (TCP or QUIC), negotiate TLS, speak HTTP/1.1–2–3, pass through CDN/edge, and finally reach your origin. This post breaks down that chain with a practical, interview-ready mindset—what each layer does, where time is spent, and how real-world issues like DNS latency variance, TLS misconfigurations, CDN caching mistakes, HTTP/2 head-of-line blocking, and HTTP/3/QUIC trade-offs show up in DevTools and how to fix them.
How does JavaScript actually run in V8? This post walks through the real pipeline—source → AST → bytecode → tiered machine code—then explains stack vs heap, closures, V8 garbage collection, and the hands-on Node/d8 tricks to trace optimizations and find leaks.
From HTML bytes to pixels, modern Chrome turns source code into what you see through a 10-stage pipeline: parsing, style, LayoutNG, pre-paint (property trees/paint chunks), paint recording, commit, CAP layerization, tiling, raster, and Viz/present. This article explains each stage’s inputs/outputs, the key data structures behind RenderingNG, and how to use the pipeline as a mental model for debugging jank and performance issues.
The development of artificial intelligence spans over a century of remarkable achievements, from early mathematical foundations to today's transformative generative AI systems. This comprehensive timeline provides detailed analysis of every major milestone, expanding on existing frameworks while documenting the revolutionary period from 2018-2025 that brought AI into mainstream global consciousness.
